PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS |
|
Prevention |
Resolution of Conflicts |
Crisis Management
|
Consolidation |
||||
|
Preventive
Diplomacy
|
Peacemaking
|
Peace-keeping
|
Peace-enforcement
|
Enforcement
|
Humanitarian
Intervention
|
Post-conflict
Peace-building
|
|
| Goal | Prevention of an outbreak or an escalation of a conflict | Dispute settlement by pacific means | Implementation
of cease-fire- and/or peace-agreements. Peaceful transition to independence |
Forced
implementation of cease-fire- and/or peace-agreements. Restoration of Human Rights enviroment |
Restoration of international peace and security | Creation of a secure environment for humanitarian aid and/or for the civilian population | Providing a peaceful environment allowing a political settlement Consolidation of peace |
| Means | Measures to build confidence; fact-finding; early warning; preventive deployment; demilitarized zones | Negotiation; enquiry; mediation; conciliation; arbitration; judicial settlement (esp. ICJ); resort to regional agencies or arrangements; amelioration through assistance | Deployment of international troops and military observers under UN command and control for observation duties, to operate buffer zones, to maintain law and order etc. | Recommendations (Art. 39); provisional measures (Art. 40); non-military enforcement measures (Art. 41); military enforcement measures (Art. 42 of the UN Charter) | Recommendations
(Art. 39); provisional measures (Art. 40); non-military enforcement measures (Art. 41);
military enforcement measures (Art. 42) Self defence (art. 51) |
Deployment
of combat troops. Massive aid convoys |
Technical and humanitarian aid, repatriation of refugees, monitoring elections, efforts to protect human rights, transitional authority etc. |
| Personnel | Civilians; military observers; peace-keeping troops |
Civilians | Military observers; peace-keeping troops; civilians; civilian police | Combat troops | Combat troops | Combat
troops Civilians ONG personnel |
Civilians; military observers, peace-keeping troops* |
| Legal Basis | Chapter VI of the UN Charter | Chapter VI of the UN Charter | Chapter VI of the UN Charter | Chapter
"VI˝", implied powers and Chapter VII of the UN Charter |
Chapter VII of the UN Charter | Chapter VII of the UN Charter | Chapter
VI of the UN Charter, implied powers |
| Sovereignty | Assent of the parties (national sovereignty is maintained) | Assent of the parties (national sovereignty is maintained) | Assent of the parties (national sovereignty is maintained) | Possible
interference with the sovereignty of the parties that could have agreed to the basic agreement(s) |
Interference with the sovereignty of the aggressor including that of all Member States (in case of sanctions by Art. 41) | Assent of the parties desirable, but not required (interference with national sovereignty is not excluded) | Consent of the communities involved |
| Authorization | Not necessary (Security Council in case of troops deployment) | Not
necessary (Security Council in case of Mission establ.) |
Security Council | Security Council | Security
Council / Collective Security |
Security Council | Security Council - UN Agencies / Institutes |
| Command and control | By the
parties involved (Secretary General if Mission is established) |
Secretary-General | Secretary-General or Member State/Group of Member States authorized by the Security Council | Secretary-General or Member State/Group of Member States authorized by the Security Council | Member State/Group of Member States authorized by the Security Council OR Multinational Forces | Secretary-General or Member State/Group of Member States authorized by the Security Council | Secretary-General |
| Impartiality | UN is impartial | UN is impartial | UN is impartial | UN is impartial but could become a party to conflict | UN becomes a party to conflict (bellum iustum) | UN is in principle impartial | UN is impartial |
| Use of Force | None (only in situations of obvious self-defense) | None | Only in situations of obvious self-defense | Measured use of force in case of resistance in order to implement UN resolutions | Massive use of force | Measured use of force in case of resistance | None (* only in situations of obvious self-defense) |
| Examples | UNPREDEP | UNGOMAP | From UNTSO to UNTAES | UNC / UNOSOM II / Bosnia | Korea / Kuwait / Kossovo | UNITAF, "Opération turquoise" | UMBIH, UNTAC and others |
Source: Our elaborations on Robert Diethelm: Die Schweiz und friedenserhaltende Operationen 1920 - 1995. Bern, Wien, Stuttgart, Paul Haupt Verlag, 1997.
Home Page ¦ PK Ops ¦ Italian PK Ops ¦ Links